![]() Another state of matter is Bose-Einstein condensate, but this state only occurs with super-low temperatures. In general, the solid-to-liquid transition of polymers is achieved by heating above glass transition temperature (Tg) values, where polymers change from hard glass states to soft rubber states. ![]() One state is plasma, which naturally occurs in lightning, and we create it in fluorescent light bulbs and plasma TVs. Solid-to-liquid transition is essential for polymer processing and repairing. We’ve known about solids, liquids and gases for hundreds of years, but scientists have discovered other states. We cannot see the water vapour as we exhale, but if we hold our eyeglasses or smartphone to our mouths, we can see the water vapour condensing (becoming liquid) on these objects. Full up an ice tray, a food storage tub, a popsicle tray, or a plastic bottle with water. We exhale water vapour whenever we breathe out. Unlike ice or water, water vapour is invisible. Water vapour is the gaseous form or state of water. (Think about a diving tank – 600 L of gas is compressed into a 3 L cylinder.) Right now, you are breathing in air – a mixture of gases containing many elements such as oxygen and nitrogen. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. A gas will fill any container, but if the container is not sealed, the gas will escape. However, in a liquid, the molecules still pull on each other enough to stay bunched together (that’s why a drop of water on a table is round, and doesn’t spread out all over). They vibrate and move freely at high speeds. When you get a solid hot, the molecules bump around faster and harder until they start breaking apart and moving around each other thats when a solid melts and becomes a liquid. Most solids are hard, but some (like waxes) are relatively soft. ![]() As a result, solids have a definite shape and volume. The atoms and molecules in gases are much more spread out than in solids or liquids. In the solid state, the individual particles of a substance are in fixed positions with respect to each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the particles. Find out more about water by looking at our wide range of resources under the water topic.
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